Maternal abuse of crack cocaine can lead to which of the following effects on fetuses?

The impact of maternal abuse of crack cocaine during pregnancy is well-documented in the field of early childhood development and special education. One of the significant effects of such substance abuse is the risk of severe intellectual disabilities and developmental defects in fetuses.

When a pregnant person uses crack cocaine, the drug can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus, leading to various complications. These may include issues related to brain development, which can manifest as cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, and other developmental challenges. The adverse effects are not limited to intellectual disabilities; they can also encompass a range of physical and behavioral issues, often referred to as Fetal Cocaine Syndrome.

This choice accurately reflects the potential long-term consequences that can arise from prenatal exposure to substances like crack cocaine, making it a critical area of concern in maternal health and early childhood education. The other options suggest outcomes that are not aligned with the established research on the effects of crack cocaine on fetal development.