What is the most advanced stage of HIV infection that can affect fetal development?

The most advanced stage of HIV infection that can affect fetal development is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). At this stage, the immune system is severely compromised due to the depletion of CD4 cells, making it challenging for the body to fight off infections. When a pregnant individual has AIDS, there is a higher risk of transmitting the virus to the fetus, which can lead to severe developmental issues and health complications for the baby.

This stage also increases the likelihood of opportunistic infections and other complications that could further jeopardize both the mother’s and the fetus's health. Early detection and treatment of HIV can help manage the infection and significantly reduce the risks associated with transmission during pregnancy.

In contrast, the other options refer to different infections or conditions that can also impact fetal development but are not stages of HIV infection. For example, congenital cytomegalovirus and congenital rubella are viral infections that can affect fetal health, and maternal listeriosis refers to a bacterial infection that can also cause fetal complications, none of which indicate the advanced status of HIV infection like AIDS does.