What symptom is common in all the listed disorders discussed related to maternal influences?

Intellectual disabilities are commonly associated with maternal influences across various disorders because many of these conditions stem from prenatal factors such as maternal substance abuse, infections during pregnancy, malnutrition, or exposure to toxins.

For example, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) result from alcohol exposure in utero and can lead to significant cognitive impairments, including intellectual disabilities. Similarly, maternal infections like cytomegalovirus can have detrimental impacts on fetal brain development, resulting in developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.

While the other options might present in some cases, intellectual disabilities represent a core outcome of many maternal effect-related disorders. They often manifest as persistent challenges in cognitive processing and learning, directly impacting a child's educational and social functioning. Thus, they serve as a prime indicator of the influence maternal health and behaviors have on the development of the child.